![]() ![]() ![]() While numerous factors lead to losses, new reports have shown some of these factors include bee-keeping practices, pests, diseases, pesticide use, agricultural practices, and climate change (Hristov et al. They are exposed to daily human activities and other environmental factors. It is difficult to define the main reasons for loss of colonies due to the varied social behavior of bees. The interaction between environmental stress factors, particularly exposure to pesticides and pathogens, is believed to be the main potential cause of colony collapse. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) was first reported in 2006 in the USA (Neumann and Carreck 2010). However, recently some world regions have been suffering from an increase in losses from their managed honey bee colonies. With remarkable success, bees pollinate 71 common crops from hundreds of plant species that make up 90% of the world’s food supply (Morse and Calderone 2000 Gallai et al. Honeybees are globally considered essential pollinators in crops, fruits-bearing plants and wild species (Winfree et al. Loss of insect pollinators is a menace for global food security. Animal pollination is essential for reproduction of most flowering plants (Kremen et al. Over 90% of flowering plant species in hot and humid environments require pollination to produce healthy fruit (Ollerton et al. These findings of the present study showed that sulfoxaflor could have an adverse effect on A. mellifera workers showed histological changes in epithelial cells. After exposure to sulfoxaflor, the midgut of A. After 48 h, the vacuolar cytoplasm and basophilic pyknotic nuclei were lost in the atrophied acini. ![]() There was a slight effect on secretory vesicles in the hypopharyngeal gland after 4 h of exposure. In addition, after 4 h of sulfoxaflor exposure, the brains of treated bees showed nuclear pyknosis and degeneration in some cells, which evolved to mushroom shaped tissue losses, mainly neurons replaced by vacuoles after 48 h. Conversely, no significant differences were found in mixed-function oxidation (MFO) activity. mellifera in response to sulfoxaflor at LD 50 value. The detoxification enzyme activity shows an increase of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme on A. The results showed that after 48 h post-treatment, the LD 25 and LD 50 values were 0.078 and 0.162 µg/bee, respectively, of sulfoxaflor on A. The present study reports the acute toxicity and adverse effects of sulfoxaflor insecticide on the biochemical activity and histological changes on A. Therefore, it is necessary to understand any potential effects of pesticides. Pesticide application can have an adverse effect on pollinator honey bees, Apis mellifera L., ranging from mortality to sublethal effects. ![]()
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